Resources and Links
These references summarize the sources cited in this Web site.
Federal standards and recommendations
2 Night Lights…lighting the way (Answering Your Questions about Traffic Sign Retroreflectivity), U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
3 American Public Works Association (APWA) comments on proposed amendments (on file with FHWA)
4 Traffic Safety Facts, 2005, NHSTA National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS)
13 Notice of proposed amendment: maintaining traffic sign retroreflectivity; FHWA Office of Safety Retroreflectivity Team PowerPoint
15 Traffic sign retroreflectivity "sign retro 101", FHWA Visibility Team PowerPoint
18 WSDOT Design Manual Supplement 8/5/2005
21 FHWA Retroreflective Sheeting Identification Guide, September 2005
22 FHWA, DOT, Supplemental notice of proposed amendments (SNPA); request for comments, Federal Register: May 8, 2006 (Volume 71, number 88)
23 http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/retro/sign/imp-improve.htm
25 A guide for street and highway maintenance personnel, FHWA booklet http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/media/sign_support.htm
27 Maintenance of signs and sign supports for local roads and streets, FHWA, http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/media/sign_support.htm#7c
28 Maintaining traffic sign retroreflectivity, FHWA-SA-03-027
29 Notice of proposed amendment: maintaining traffic sign retroreflectivity; FHWA Office of Safety Retroreflectivity Team PowerPoint
30 Maintaining traffic sign retroreflectivity: Impacts on State and local agencies, FHWA-HRT-07-042
35 http://www.dot.il.gov/press/r101106.html for IDOT cost savings
36 Estimating the costs of unintentional injuries, 2005, National Safety Council at http://www.nsc.org/lrs/statinfo/estcost.htm
40 Safe sign supports: are yours breakaway yet? FHWA, USDOT brochure
41 https://bookstore.transportation.org for "A Guide to Small Sign Support Hardware" (code GSSSH-1)
Industry research
1 Morse, K, Proposed Minimum Requirements for Maintaining Traffic Sign Retroreflectivity, Illinois Exchange, Fall/Winter 2004
5 Peaslee, G., Signs show the way to cost-effective rural safety, Public Roads, January/February 2005
6 http://www.merginet.com/index.cfm?searched=/clinical/trauma/rural_traffic.cfm
7 Schieber, Driver eye fixation and reading patterns while using highway signs under dynamic driving conditions…, TRB 2004 Annual Meeting CD-ROM
8 Russell, E.R., et al, Characteristics and needs for overhead guide sign illumination from vehicular headlamps, FHWA-D-98-135
9 Sivak, M, et al, A first look at visually aimable and harmonized low-beam headlamps, UMTRI-2000-1
10 Carlson, P. et al, Developing updated minimum in-service retroreflectivity values for traffic signs, TRB Paper 03-2377
11 Brich, S., What is an appropriate sign sheeting specification for prismatic construction and maintenance signs?, Virginia DOT
12 Texas Transportation Researcher, TTI, Vol 48, No. 1, 2004
14 Harris, E.A., Road sign deterioration and management, 2006 NCDOT Traffic Engineering Conference for Operations and Safety
16 Harris, E.A., et al, Analysis of traffic sign asset management scenarios, TRB 2007 Annual Meeting CD-ROM
17 Ripley, D.A., Quantifying the safety benefits of traffic control devices—benefit—cost analysis of traffic sign upgrades, 2005 Mid-Continent Transportation Research Symposium Proceedings
19 Carlson, P.E., Legibility of overhead guide signs using encapsulated versus microprismatic retroreflective sheeting, TRB 16th Biennial Visibility Symposium, June 2002
20 Stutts, J., Gearing up for an aging population, Public Roads Magazine, May/June 2006
24 Inventory systems for traffic control devices (2001) found on http://www.ctre.iastate.edu/PUBS/itcd/inventory.pdf (PR3) Stutts, J., Gearing up for an aging population, Public Roads Magazine, May/June 2006
26 Jones, Jr., F.E., GPS-based sign inventory and inspection program, IMSA Journal, March/April 2004
31 Low volume road safety, Road Management & Engineering Journal, Feb 1, 1997, TranSafety, Inc.
32 Bagdade, J.S. Low cost intersection improvements reduce crashes for senior drivers, 2004 ITE Annual Meeting and Exhibit Compendium of Technical Papers (CD-ROM)
33 Ford, Evaluation of low-cost program of road system traffic safety reviews for county highways, TRB Record 1819, 2003 http://www.dot.state.il.us/press/r011807.html for IDOT cost savings
34 Zwahlen, H.T., et al, Field evaluation of unlighted overhead guide signs using older drivers, FHWA/OH-2003/015
38 Turner, D.S. et al, Effects of tort liability on roadway design decisions, TRB Issue 1512
39 Smith, J.L, et al, Transportation tort law, TRB, TR News, issue 205
Legislation and funding
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ links to an overview of SAFETEA-LU including current news of safety programs and campaigns
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/state_program/hsip/index.htm for FHWA Highway Safety Improvement Program overview
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/index.htm for Federal Highway Bill
http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/safetealu/keyhsip.htm for key Highway Safety Improvement Program provisions
Professional organizations
American Public Works Association (APWA) comments on proposed amendments (on file with FHWA)
Strategic Highway Safety Plan (AASHTO) http://cms.transportation.org/?siteid=60
http://safety.transportation.org/
National Association of County Engineers (NACE) http://www.countyengineers.org/
Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) http://www.ite.org/library/IntersectionSafety/problem.pdf
http://www.ltap.org supports associations of transportation professionals such as FHWA, NACE, AWPA and AASHTO